Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a common fern species native to the United Kingdom, belonging to the Dennstaedtiaceae family. It is a perennial plant with large, triangular fronds that grow in dense stands, forming extensive patches in a variety of habitats across the UK.

Bracken typically thrives in acidic, nutrient-poor soils and is commonly found in upland areas, heathlands, woodlands, and coastal cliffs. It can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, from full sun to partial shade.

Nutrient requirements for Bracken are low, and it is well-adapted to nutrient-poor soils commonly found in its preferred habitats. However, it can benefit from nitrogen-rich environments, such as those impacted by livestock grazing.

In terms of predators, Bracken faces few threats in the UK. Grazing animals such as sheep and deer may consume it in small quantities, but it is generally avoided due to its toxicity and low palatability.

The lifespan of Bracken can vary, with individual fronds persisting for one to two years before senescing. However, the rhizomatous underground stems allow Bracken colonies to persist and spread over many years.

Culturally, Bracken has various references in UK folklore and traditional practices. In some regions, it has been used as thatching material for roofs, bedding for livestock, and even as a food source for humans during times of scarcity. However, it is now known to contain carcinogenic compounds and is considered harmful to both livestock and biodiversity.

An interesting fact about Bracken is its allelopathic properties, where it releases chemicals into the soil that inhibit the growth of other plant species, allowing it to dominate its habitat. This characteristic contributes to its ability to form dense, monotypic stands in natural environments.